Criminal Justice Data Quality - Free Essay Example

Research study has been done on prosecution of child sexual abuse cases from the past few decades. In today’s paper, this research has been studied and provided facts, methods and conclusion with the help of five articles. A meta-analysis of rates of Criminal Justice Decisions. Using coplink to analyze Criminal-Justice Data. Risk-appraisal versus self-report in the prediction of Criminal Justice outcomes: A meta-analysis Prosecution rate and quality of the investigative interview in child sexual abuse cases. Factors associated with delays of days to decades to criminal prosecutions of Child Sexual Abuse. Introduction and Observations: From the first article, it is evident that this study meta-analyzed rates of criminal justice decisions in 21 studies of prosecution of child abuse. Rates of referral to prosecution, filing charges, and incarceration varied considerably. Compared to national data, child abuse was less likely to lead to filing charges and incarceration than most other felonies but more likely to be carried forward without dismissal. Thus, prosecuting child abuse is generally neither feckless nor reckless. Rates can be misleading and cannot be the sole measure of prosecution success. From the second article, the Coplink project, which unites the technical expertise of the University of Arizona’s Artificial Intelligence Lab with the Tucson Police Department’s law enforcement domain knowledge. Coplink serves the community by bridging the gap between conducting research in cutting-edge technologies and solving real-world problems such as helping police officers fight crime. The Coplink project attacks several problems existing in many law enforcement agencies by developing a model integrated system that lets law officers’ access and share information with other agencies. Coplink has the additional goal of developing consistent, intuitive, and easy-to-use interfaces and applications that support specific and often complex law enforcement functions and tasks. From the third article, it has been observed that the risk-appraisal and self-report procedures are divergent methods of data collection, with risk-appraisal procedures relying in part or in whole on historical, chart, and non-self-report information and self-report measures relying exclusively on self-report data. The risk-appraisal/self-report differentiation should not be confused with actuarial and clinical methods of prediction, as both risk-appraisal and self-report methods of data collection can be entered into actuarial decision models or treated clinically. The five risk-appraisal procedures which will be used to for a meta-analysis are: Historical-Clinical-Risk Scales (HCR–20), Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form (LCSF), Level of Service-Inventory (LSI), Psychopathy Checklist (PCL), Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG). more self-report measures will also be included, such as BDHI, etc. From the fourth and fifth article, a brief analysis about the prosecution rate in child sexual abuse cases. From the study, it has been examined that the reason for the low prosecution rate in child sexual abuse cases is the poor quality of the interviews conducted by the interviewers. The relationship between interview quality and prosecution rate has been clearly examined in this research. Interviews with the older children has been of good quality on one hand and when it comes to interviews with young children has been of poor quality on the other hand. There are various reasons behind this poor quality. Analysis: Most of the child sexual abuse cases resulted in many psychological problems especially in younger children. Child sexual abuse can always affect children by causing trauma on the child and resulting in cascading effects in terms of social, sexual, physical and mental problems. This research has been conducted in Sweden and Canada and it has been found that the number of child rape cases have been rapidly increased up to 450% from the year 1987 to 2003. There has been tremendous increase in small abuse cases like sexual harassment about 200% in the same time period. Based on the increasing knowledge of parents and social media effects, people are coming forward and registering cases. These cases have been taken seriously and the convicts who got imprisonment have been increased from 73 to 145 in the same time period. It has been observed that the rate of reporting is higher than the conviction numbers. There are many reasons behind these figures. One of the main reasons for this low-quality prosecution rate is there is no evidence except the child’s statement. There are statements against this saying that due to advanced medical examinations, the convicts can be easily given imprisonment which will be a big evidence to the justice. Justice has been facing problems with the cases of preschoolers than the teenagers. Hence, interviewer has a challenger when interviewing them which results in a bad quality. In Canada, a maximum of 55% CSA cases were filed in the year 2012 and it has been observed that most of the victims are under age 18. These cases have been becoming a challenge to criminal courts not only in Canada but also in most of the American states, Australia, UK, Europe. Below are only the published CSA cases in Canada from 1986 to 2012. There has been increase in the percentage of cases between the years 1991 and 1998. A substantial decrease can be seen in the years 2000 and 2002. Factors associated with delays to Criminal Prosecutions of CSA: There have been a lot of changes in the criminal justice in the past 30 years and there are few factors which are related with the delays in prosecutions of CSA cases. Judicial warnings are no longer mandatory in most jurisdictions. To lessen the trauma of testifying, courtroom modifications are in the form of testimonial supports but they are fully in progress. An attitude that children’s evidence is inherently unreliable. Knowledge of terrifying forensic system is very low in children which always plays an important role in evidence. Methods: In contrast to a traditional literature review, a meta-analysis statistically combines results in an objective manner to summarize and synthesize selected empirical studies (Cooper Hedges, 1994; Lipsey Wilson, 2001). In addition, meta-analysis provides a foundation for future research by identifying what is and what is not known about a particular topic. Rates were calculated for the following decision points in the prosecution of child abuse: referral, filing criminal charges, diversion, carrying cases forward (versus dismissing them), guilty plea, trial, conviction, and incarceration. Comparison data were gathered from 12 national studies of prosecution in urban areas conducted for the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) 328 TRAUMA, VIOLENCE, ABUSE / October 2003 from 1977 to 1998. Crime analysts and detectives create knowledge from information daily by analyzing and generalizing current criminal records. In general, building a domain-specific concept space (CS) involves three main steps. First, to locate the sources from which they will derive terms or concepts, developers must identify document collections in a specific subject domain. Second, the terms must be filtered and indexed. At last, a co-occurrence analysis captures the relationships among indexed terms. Data for this meta-analysis were identified in a computerized search of the PsycINFO, National Criminal Justice Reference Service, and Cambridge Scientific Criminal Justice Abstracts databases, followed by several expert opinions. Effect sizes were point-biserial correlations computed between a continuous risk-appraisal or self-report predictor and a dichotomous outcome. Individual Z scores were calculated for each effect size. They carried a research by observing 18 video-taped interviews with children which were provided by the officers. After going through every interview of each child, they finally categorized their analysis in 12 aspects along with the interrater reliabilities which is intraclass correlation with a scale rate of 1 to 5. Table 1. Twelve aspects used to analyze the interviews and the intraclass correlations Aspects of the interview Intraclass correlation The extent to which the interviewer establishes ground rules (i.e. Do you know the difference between telling the truth and a lie? Explaining that it is ok to answer I don’t know; Explaining why the same question may be asked several times) 0.87 The extent to which the interviewer builds rapport with the child 0.65 The extent to which the interviewer use closed-end or open-ended questions (1=only closed end; 5=only open ended) 0.60 The extent to which the interviewer allows the child to tell the story without interrupting 0.73 The extent to which the child seems tormented during the interview 0.92 The extent to which the child verbalizes negative emotions during the abuse 0.92 The extent to which the interview consists of short questions and long answers 0.76 The general quality of the interview (1=very bad; 5=very good) 0.68 The extent to which the interviewer allows the child practice free recall? * 0.00 The extent to which the interviewer encourages the child to tell everything about the abuse†  0.49 The extent to which the interviewer helps the child to report details about one specific event of abuse (when frequent abuse) †  0.45 The extent to which the interviewer uses techniques from the Cognitive Interview* 1.00 The last four aspects were excluded from further analyses. *Aspect was excluded because of no variance. Aspect was excluded because of to low intraclass correlation. Conclusion From the articles, it can be concluded that for the child abuse studies, the Q statistic was statistically significant at p Coplink CS has been successfully deployed at the Tucson Police Department, where crime analysts, officers, detectives, and sergeants from 16 departmental units use the technology voluntarily as part of their daily investigative routine. This cross-section comprises approximately 30 to 40 percent of TPD’s investigative units and includes 90 percent of the crime analysts. Investigative units include adult and child sexual assault, aggravated assault, auto theft, elder abuse, community office, fraud, gangs, homicide, undercover, neighborhood crimes, night detectives, patrol, robbery, and warrants. Although risk-appraisal procedures displayed an advantage over self-report measures in recidivism prediction, the two methods produced comparable results when the meta-analysis was restricted to investigations using content-relevant self-report predictors. Incremental validity analysis of 72 risk-appraisal/self-report contrasts revealed that both sets of measures accounted for criminal justice outcomes beyond the variance attributable to the alternate method.

Chapter Summaries An Overview - 2011 Words

Chapter: 1- Introduction: An overview. Sovereignty. All of us hear this word so many times in a day, we have read in our text books when we were school going kids. And at this point of time also, we come across with this word in our daily life in newspapers, books, review of some act by a newspaper or by somebody’s mouth who is giving some lecture on government specially. Now the question that arises is that what does one actually mean by sovereignty? Why do they say that sovereignty is an essential element for a state? Why can’t we separate sovereignty from a state? As given by Grotius â€Å"Sovereignty is the supreme political power vested in him whose acts are not subject to any other and whose will cannot be over-ridden† . Greeks are considered to be first ones’ who realized that there is something like sovereignty existed, may be not exactly as we see it today, but they were never aware of this term ‘sovereignty’, the father of political science Aristotle used a term ‘supreme power’ but in a different sense. Sovereignty is a concept of modern political theory. Earlier, this term was souverainete, derived from Latin and then French, was given by Bodin in his Six Books on the Republic (1576) and then the word in its English equivalent was came to be known as ‘sovereignty’. In the words of Bodin â€Å"sovereignty is the supreme power of the state over citizens and subjects unrestrained by law† . In spite of being the supreme power of the state, sovereignty isShow MoreRelatedproject manajment1121 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿2-15-99 Project Management: The Managerial Process COMPREHENSIVE TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE CHAPTER 1 Modern Project Management What is a project? 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Adolescent Pregnancy And How It Has Changed Society

Teen pregnancy and how it has become so common in our society is a difficult topic to dissect. It is a concerning issue which is faced with plenty of controversy and criticism from various groups that make up our society. To understand the ever evolving complexity in this matter, one must educate themselves on how the roles of women and men have changed in our society over many decades, if not centuries. There are many areas to investigate about adolescent pregnancy and how it has developed into a global issue. Adolescent pregnancy has challenged this nation for many years. This study will examine how this issue creates complications that severely impacts various aspects of our society and to also understand that our society has†¦show more content†¦As a bi-product of this social gap, these changes cause groups of poverty to develop, where education is not valued as high or encouraged to children living in less than average conditions. Those who find themselves ready for pos t-secondary education are faced with the financial challenges which again keeps the youth held back, not being able to plan effectively. Generations raised in these environments have unstable family foundations that give neglect towards child growing up in this atmosphere and these are the children that grow up into adolescents who are unfortunately likely to be misguided and ill-advised about life. The high demands of the economy have kept the younger population more dependent on parents for a much longer period of time than in the past (Elliott, S. 2010), and as a result this has left groups with no access to viable economic opportunities that allows them to effectively prepare for their future. The increase in age for women getting married is directly related to the changing roles that women are playing in our society. 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Comparing Structure And Culture Of The Same Industry Essay

1. Compare structure and culture of two or more firms in the same industry. Which would you prefer to work for? The two firms being compared were google and apple, both firms dominate the intersection of technology and consumer access. In addition they both compete across a huge range of sub-industries such as computing software, hardware, operating systems, applications and web browsing amongst others. However each firm takes a different approach from an organizational perspective. GOOGLE Google Inc. is an American multinational technology company specializing in internet related services and products. It was founded on September 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, whilst the current C.E.O is Sundar Pichai. 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The Palestine Division A Conflict Between Arabs and Israelis

Today, as in most of human history, the world is always in war, extinct wars like World War II, apparently succeeding wars like Iraq and the United States and more hard as the war of Israel and Palestine. The last war mentioned, the Arab-Israeli conflict, has attracted the attention of the world for various issues such as the failed attempt at peace, or the history of both nations, but what is striking is the daily life of both sides, more specific daily terror of the Palestine for suicide bombings carried out by the Jews and the violation of individual rights to the Palestinian people. A lot of people wondering why are the Jews and Muslims enemies, but this is not true because Muslims and Jews, or even Muslims and Christians are not†¦show more content†¦The battles of the Arab-Israeli conflict ensued afterwards. The result of the war was suffer endured by Palestinian at the hands of Israelis. A lot of people seen images of Palestinian kids killed by Israeli bombs, read about targeted killings, and heard of the hardships, learned about the West Bank separation barrier and checkpoints. Humiliations and discrimination daily endured by the Palestinian people. The World seen the UN and some other international organizations repeatedly issue sharp criticisms of Israel for its actions. The world have learned of the Palestinian exile, and of their decades-long struggle for the land. Some people who see the problem from the outside do not understand what all the hustle between Palestinians and Israelis means, why these countries are still fighting over this piece of land? Why they do not stop being ignorant? The Israelis should understand that Palestine belongs to Arabs and not to them. Israelis does not want to agree to give back what it does not belong to them; they do not want to make matter to the famous phrase. Make falafel not war. Infinity of persons see Arabs as a danger to many countries around the world, specially the USA after the attack from 9/11, but is it USA a danger to Palestine? In a direct way, the United States are only â€Å"helping† Israel to get what supposedly once belonged to them. The real truth behind all this conflicts isShow MoreRelatedArab Israeli Conflict 883 Words   |  4 Pages1.1 WHAT IS THE ARAB ISRAELI CONFLICT? 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POB sba free essay sample

DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS Sweet ‘n’ Spice will be a small agro-processing company that will be established to use locally grown ingredients such as thyme, escallion, onion, pimento, scotch bonnet pepper etc. to manufacture sauces and bottled seasonings. The products to be manufactured will include jerk seasonings, curry seasonings, marinades, crushed pepper sauces, ginger barbeque sauces etc. The offerings (products) will be extended to local supermarkets, restaurants hotels mainly across the western region of the island. Sweet ‘n’ Spice will be a privately owned business. The business will take the form of a general partnership between Ricardo Powell and Devon Skeine, who are both investors and will be actively involved in the daily operations of the business. The main objective of the business will be to meet the needs of the target customers whilst making a profit and ensuring growth. This will be achieved through the business producing seasonings and sauces that will simplify th e food preparation process for homemakers, restaurants, hotels or any business involved in food services. Organization of Marketing Department The organizational structure of this business is hierarchical, the organizational chart for the business can be found in the appendix, the roles of our marketing personnel are shown below: Marketing Manager: * Develop the marketing strategy and plan. Supervise marketing department employees. * Research and report on external opportunities. Marketing Representative: * Meet with clients to represent the business. * Follow up with existing clientele and customers to maintain professional relationships. * Attend sales meetings, and generate reports and other business documents. Marketing Analyst: * Collect and analyze data to evaluate existing and potential product and service markets. * Identify and monitor competitors and research market conditions or changes in the industry that may affect sales. Use of Technology The proprietor of Trevi’s Custom Cakes amp; more will use various types’ technologies in the business to increase productivity and efficiency of operations in the business. Two of these types technology are computers and billboards. * The computers will be used to keep inventory and stocks up to date as well as to keep records of daily transactions made by the business. The computer will also be used to access to internet and create a website for our business; through this we will be able to showcase our products. * The billboards will be used to advertise the business, billboards will be established in St. Catherine as well as other parishes in well populated areas where it can appeal to many people. This will also make our products more marketable. Market Research Target Population Qualitative: Trevi’s Custom Cakes amp; more aims to cater to the general public, for instance, people needing cakes for special occasions such as: birthdays, baby showers, anniversary etc. Quantitative: In our endeavors we shall aim to sell to at least 1,500 people per month. Price The price of our products are based on affordability, (the price list can be found in the appendix) Competitors The business will be competing against fellow bakeries closest to our organization such as Pastry Palace, Oak Mill Bakery and Honey Crust Bakery. My competitors and the business are not situated in the same parish, the competitors were chosen because they seemed worthy of the position, these bakeries are considered to be well recognized bakeries. Product/ Service Trevi’s Custom Cakes amp; more sell solely its own products. So the brand would include our business name, which will be brightly colored so as to appeal to the customers visually and the business slogan is â€Å"We make your SWEET dreams REALITY! , The custom-made cakes will be packaged in a white box (according to size of cake) with the logo and label attached to the cover of each box; however, pastries will be packaged in a small paper bag with the logo on each. An example of the logo is in the appendix. Pricing Strategy Cost plus: the cost of producing the product is calculated and then the percentage added on fo r profit. The competitor’s prices will be taken into consideration as well as the cost of ingredients and quality and after a profitable income will emerge. This pricing strategy will be used so as to make the price affordable and fair, to both customer and the business. Place (distribution on channels) Description of distribution channels used As a retailer and also a producer, the business will purchase ingredients from consumers, then convert such ingredients into finished products of high quality and sell to the final consumers at an affordable and reasonable price. Producer Retailer Consumer Limitations * Ingredients from producers may be delayed * Goods may be misdirected * Poor communication Other Suitable Alternatives In the case that the set distribution channel above does not go according to plan the alternative will be to produce then sell to final consumers. Promotion Mix This will be the way of making our consumers aware of our products and their existence through advertising and sales promotion. Advertising: Trevi’s Custom Cakes amp; more will have their products advertised through multimedia sources such as radio, television, billboards and the internet. This will highlight features of the business and its products and also educate consumers about their products. Sales Promotion: Sales promotion allows us to see what appeals to customers and what does not, and it also gives the business a jumpstart on sales. The business will be promoting sales through special offers, coupons and also free sampling. Sales promotion will also increase loyalty and customer awareness. Customer Complaints Customer’s complaint: â€Å"I ordered a customized cake for a baby shower and received one for a bachelorette party, how could you have messed up my order like that? † Owner’s response: My deepest apologies for such a mistake, you are a valued customer, due to this we will make another cake to your specifications, at no cost to you. We assure you that such mistakes have never been made before and will never be made again. Thank you for your cooperation, do come again. Government Regulations In establishing this business there are certain government regulations that will have an impact on the process. When establishing a business the entrepreneur goes to the Bureau of Standards to register the business to gain permission to operate the business. Certain documentation will also be needed; such as the food handler’s permit. This card will show that our staff is licensed to prepare food. All employees are required to be in possession of a valid food handler permit as stated by the public health act (food handling) regulations 1998. Without our food handlers permits we should not be serving customers, and doing so may result in the shutting down of our business. (an example of such permit is in the appendix) Ethical Issues This business does not believe in price gouging. Price Gouging refers the pricing of an item above market price. We will prevent this by ensuring that we create affordable prices for our clients. The ethical issue discussed will have great impact on our business if not dealt with or prevented. These impacts may include a decrease in the number of valued customers and profits gained. This would present a vile image of the business because of the over-pricing of products. 1. Robinson, Hamil, CXC Principles of Business with SBA, Study Guide amp; Exercises. Carlong Publishers, Kingston 13, Kingston, Jamaica. 2. ORGANIZATIONAL CHART BUSINESS LOGO PRICE LIST Cakes Custom-made†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (Depending on quality and ingredients) Pastries Cake slices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. $150. 00 Danishes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. $100. 00 Donuts †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦ $100. 00 Sugar buns †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. $75. 00 Creme Brulee †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. $250. 00 Cupcakes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. $100. 00 Muffins (regular) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦ $120. 00 Blueberry muffins †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. $125. 00 Food Handler’s Permit

Strategic Dimensions as Internal Marketing

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Dimensions as Internal Marketing. Answer: Introduction Strategic dimension can be defined as the strategic aspect of an organization, which includes organizational composition, management and values (Krzakiewicz Cyfert, 2014). The organizational chosen for this study is Bulla dairy. It is a major Australian dairy firm, which manufactures dairy products nationally and also exports the products to international market. The study will assess the strategic dimension of the organization through its generic strategies, organizational culture and organizational structure. The study will describe the generic strategies of the organization through cost leadership, differentiation and focus strategy. The study will also describe the organizational culture and structure of Bulla Dairy. Moreover, at the end of the study, it will demonstrate the consistency of each dimension towards the success of the organization. Company Background Bulla Dairy Foods is the major Australian dairy company, which manufactures dairy product in national basis. However, the organization exports its ranges of dairy product to various international markets. The organization exports frozen and chilled dairy products to various leading markets of Middle Eastern and Asian (Bulla.com.au, 2017). It is highly popular for manufacturing and exporting range of dairy products such as table cream, ice cream, sour cream, cheese, yogurt, imitation cream and cottage under different brands. Thomas Sloan established the organization in 1910 and it subsequently became the partnership among three inter-related families (Bulla.com.au, 2017). Moreover, these inter-related families still own and operate the business of the organization. The organization offers family taste in all of its dairy products through thickening the milk. The organization exports to over 20 countries and has annual retail sales of more than $ 300 million (Moir McCarthy, 2014). As per the survey of 2014, 20% Australians buy the dairy products of Bulla Dairy from the grocery shop of Australia (Referred to Appendix 1). Moreover, most of the customers between the age of 14-24 majorly buy the ice cream product of Bulla Dairy (Referred to Appendix 2). Generic Business Strategy The primary determinant of an organizations profitability is the attractiveness of the industry within which it operates. On the other hand, the secondary determinant of an organizations profitability is its position within the industry (Rad, Lewis, 2014). Michel Porter has invented this theory of generic strategy for identifying an organizations position through leveraging its strength. This theory also suggests the way in which an organization can pursue competitive advantage within the industry. There are three dimension with which an organization can pursue competitive advantage within the industry namely cost leadership, differentiation and focus. The generic strategy of Bulla Dairy has been described in the following for demonstrating its competitive advantage. Cost Leadership Strategy An organization can sell its products either at average industry price for gaining increasing profit or below the average industry price for gaining increasing market share. However, this generic strategy suggests for low cost producer within the industry against a minimum given quality. In this extent, Bulla Dairy sells its dairy product below the average industry price towards capturing high market share (Purves et al., 2015). The organization offers their products at highly affordable price towards making them affordable for all types of customers. Through this strategy, the organization can maintain some profitability in the price war of highly competitive market (Elgin-Stuczynski Batterbury, 2014). The cost leadership strategy of the organization target broad markets of Australia and increasing market share in those markets. The organization has acquired cost advantage through improved process efficiencies and gaining unique access to the raw materials. The organization get wid e access to the fresh milk produced in the Colac, which is a provincial town located at Western District of Victoria (Thorley, 2014). Therefore, the organization can produce their dairy products at cheaper cost and sells it to the customers at affordable price. Differentiation Strategy Differentiation strategy suggests for development of products and services, which offers unique attributes. Customers perceive such products having high value and different from other similar products of other organizations. The value added by the organizations in their products allows them to charge premium price for the products (Santhanam-Martin Nettle, 2014). Bulla Dairy has wide range of dairy product serving to wide variety of customers. Moreover, the customers can have traditional taste in all the dairy products of this organization. Bulla Dairy also offers varieties of flavors in all their ice creams, which attract the kids group (Scarsbrook Melland, 2015). Furthermore, the low fat dairy products of the organization have also become high popular among the customers. Such low fat and healthy lifestyle products of this organization are frozen yoghurt and cottage cheese. Therefore, this healthy and low fat dairy products having unique taste have allowed the organization to be competitive in the market. The focus strategy focuses on narrow segment and within that segment endeavor to attain either cost leadership or differentiation. The premise of this strategy is that an organization can better serve the customers by focusing completely on it. The organization has mostly targeted household group for offering milk products. The traditional taste of the dairy foods attracts most of the people having traditional preferences (Schuck et al., 2016). Moreover, the organization has also targeted health conscious people having healthy dairy foods. However, the organization is limited to operate only within the Australia. The organization does not have international expansion and they only export their dairy products in international countries (Caiazza et al., 2016). In this way, Bulla Dairy has become able to gain high level of customer loyalty. This entrenched loyalty of the organization has discouraged other competitors in competing with this organization directly. Moreover, the organizati on has targeted all income groups from low to high towards meeting the daily needs of the customers. Organizational Culture The culture of Bulla Dairy of highly based on the ideals that self-motivated people work hard rather than having boss micromanaging every step of the employees. The unique structure of the organization allows it to grow and respond more quickly than its other competitors. Bulla Dairy initially grew fast, as decisions were made at the lowest possible level. The corporate culture of the organization is based on open structure, where low level employees can easily approach to top level managers regarding any organizational issues (Hogan Coote, 2014). Therefore, any organizational issue is resolved at the initial stage. The organizational leaders are extremely supportive to the employees for helping them in doing any complex job. However, some leaders in manufacturing department and designing department are non-cooperative with the employees opinions (OReilly et al., 2014). Excellence is emphasized as the critical success factor for the organization especially for production of dairy fo ods. The culture of the organization involves strict policy of hiring best employees for the organization. The employees are hired for their knowledge, creativity and skills (Bschgens et al., 2013). The organizational culture of Bulla Dairy highlights creativity in the development of dairy products. This culture helps the organization to develop business process as per the business needs as well as organizational needs. Furthermore, innovation is at the core of organizational culture of Bulla Dairy. All the employees are encouraged and trained enough for demonstrating their innovation in their individual performance areas. They are also allowed to share their innovative ideas in the business development process of the organization. On the other hand, the organizational culture of Bulla Dairy highlights moderate combativeness with the workplace. This shows the combative approach of the leaders. In this approach, leaders of the organization constantly challenge the skills and abilities of t he employees towards meeting the organizational standards (Tong et al., 2015). This is positive in the sense that it fosters employee innovation. On the hand, it is negative in the sense that it can discourage some employees, who are slow in demonstrating their innovation. Moreover, the organizational culture of Bulla dairy protects business from unenthusiastic influence of employee poaching and corporate espionage. This level of organizational culture actually reveals the organizational characteristics, which can be easily viewed, felt and heard by the employees collectively. The employees of Bulla Dairy are highly dedicated in their job role and their level of dedication is apparently reflected on their job performance. Moreover, the dedication level of the employees allows the organization to fulfill their innovative mission effectively. The employees of Bulla Dairy are to wear formal dress in their organization and they are extremely polite in communicating with their superiors (Martinez et al., 2015). Moreover, the management of the organization allows the employees to participate in organizational decision making process. Therefore, the employees are highly responsible towards fulfilling their targets and meeting organizational standards. The managers of Bulla Dairy are extremely cooperative with the employees in performing any complex job. The concerns of the employees are always taken into consideration while framing any organizational policies and procedures. Moreover, the innovative ideas of the employees are highly appreciated by the upper level managers. On the other hand, the employees of the organization always respect their managers and obey their instruction for the betterment of business development (Hogan Coote, 2014). The standard and values of the organization are always aligned with the individual needs of the customers. All the male employees and female employees are given equal rights in the workplace. Moreover, female employees are given extra privileges as per their requirements. Organizational Structure From the above figure, it can be found that Bulla Dairy uses functional organizational structure for operating their business. In this structure, the organization has different functional departments operating individually for the success for the business. The reporting relationships of the organization are grouped based on specialty of each department. The organization is divided into separate groups on the basis of their specialized functional areas such as production department, technical department, human resource department, finance centre and customer service department (Joseph et al., 2016). This organizational structure allowed Bulla Dairy to get enhanced functional efficiencies, as the employees having shared knowledge and skills are group together in each department. In this structure, board decides the strategies for long term business operation and inspects the interim report for the organization towards maintain those strategies. Moreover, they are the heads of the organization and control the business from long term perspectives. On the other hand, the director control each individual department of the organization namely production department to finance centre and human resource department (Erhemjamts et al., 2013). Most of the decisions of Bulla dairy are taken on the top of the hierarchy. The director is responsible to communicate the decisions of the board to each of the departmental heads. However, the consistency of the communication sometimes hampered due to scattered departments within the organization. The director is responsible for maintaining the consistency of the communication within each department for effective implementation of organizational strategies. The head of production department is responsible for controlling the activities of the employees from production, QA manager, maintenance employees, purchasing and logistics. The quality manager is responsible for maintaining the health standard in each of the dairy products. On the other hand, the head of production department also control the logistics functions. The employees of logistic department are responsible for distributing fresh milk to the inventory and the finished dairy products to the customers end. Moreover, the technical department head is responsible for controlling the activities of product design and research and development team. Furthermore, the head of human resource department is responsible for controlling the hiring and maintenance activities of human capital. Bulla dairy is highly concerned about recruiting extremely knowledgeable people and maintaining them through proper training and development Joseph et al., 2016). Recommendation Through Bulla dairy is extremely popular in Australia for its high quality dairy foods, still the organization is only limited within Australia. The organization does not operate on international basis. It only exports its products to international market. Limited expansion is ultimately reducing the potentiality of the organization for earning increasing profit. Therefore, the organization should take initiatives for expanding in international market for increasing organizational profit. Effective Leadership The leaders of Bulla Dairy are supportive enough for assisting the employees in performing complex jobs. However, some leaders in production department are not that much supportive to the employees for aligning their skills to organizational success. These leaders are inclined to demonstrate aggression to the employees, which sometimes demoralize the employees. Therefore, these leaders should be high supportive to the employees and assists them to enhance their skills. Improved Business Communication In case of functional organizational structure, the communication among each department sometime gets hampered. It can reduce the capability of the organization towards achieving organizational goals. Therefore, the organization should enhance the consistency of the organizational communication. Conclusion While concluding the study, it can be said that Bulla Dairy is extremely popular dairy firm in Australia for its unique taste dairy foods. The success of the organization is tightly integrated with its business strategies, organizational structure and organizational structure. Innovation is at the core of the organization culture in Bulla Dairy. The organization is extremely concerned about providing unique value to the customers. Therefore, the organization is capable of taking the differentiation generic strategy for being competitive in the market. Moreover, the employees are allowed to contribute their innovative ideas for the success of the organization. It allows the organization to focus on new aspect of business through targeting new types of customers. Moreover, there is concrete relationship between the organizational culture and generic strategies of Bulla Dairy. Organizational structure defines the way of allocating and dividing the task among each of the department of the organization. Moreover, it defines the flow of communication within the organization. Therefore, the nature of organizational culture is highly dependent of the structure of the organization. In case of Bulla Dairy, the board decides the long-term business strategies of the organization. However, the director is responsible for communicating the strategies among each departmental head. Moreover, the directors allow enough authority to the departmental heads for managing their individual department. Therefore, this organizational structure has created open organizational culture, where board does not micromanage each activities of each department. Organizational strategies set out the roadmap for the organization for meeting organizational goals. On the other hand, organizational structure defines the way in which organizational resources are distributes among each department for achieving organizational goals. Therefore, the structure and strategy of the organization must be woven together for better sustainability in the market. The organizational structure is functional in nature, where the organizational departments are grouped together based on their specialized areas. Therefore, these specialized departments can better contribute their innovative ideas for bringing differentiation in the organization. References Bulla.com.au. (2017).Bulla.com.au. 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Schuck, P., Jeantet, R., Bhandari, B., Chen, X. D., Perrone, . T., de Carvalho, A. F., ... Kelly, P. (2016). Recent advances in spray drying relevant to the dairy industry: A comprehensive critical review.Drying Technology,34(15), 1773-1790. Thorley, V. (2014). There is absolutely NO SUBSTITUTE for fresh milk: dairy marketing in Australia, twentieth century.International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science,2(2), 1-14. Tong, C., Tak, W. I. W., Wong, A. (2015). The Impact of knowledge sharing on the relationship between organizational culture and Job satisfaction: The perception of information communication and technology (ICT) practitioners in Hong Kong.International Journal of Human Resource Studies,5(1), 19. Wiewiora, A., Trigunarsyah, B., Murphy, G., Coffey, V. (2013). Organizational culture and willingness to share knowledge: A competing values perspective in Australian context.International Journal of Project Management,31(8), 1163-1174.